3 Key Issues that Affect Educational Outcomes for...

The curriculum in Australian schools is a highly contentious and political issue. For remote indigenous communities this is even more so. School curriculums in Australia are western culturally based and thus this effects the learning capabilities of indigenous students in remote communities. â€Å"Most indigenous Australians living in the Northern Territory want their children to go to school and get an education. They also want their children to learn the ways of their ancestors, to be strong in the knowledge of their indigenous laws and beliefs.†(Linkson, M. 1999, pp. 41-48) School curriculums are for the majority of students, which in Australia is mainly western. The cultural bias in our school curriculums is inextricably linked to the†¦show more content†¦A great majority of those are living in indigenous communities and speak first languages other than English†. (Linkson, M. 1999, pp. 41-48) Indigenous students in remote communities present a number of cha llenges for teachers as students often have English as a second or even third language, thus teaching a curriculum that is biased to western culture and language would further exacerbate the gap between learning and achievement. Remote indigenous communities are often some distance away from any mainstream schooling. Communities can be isolated by the rains and flooded rivers for up to 5 months, this geographical aspect affects the quality and consistency of educational services available. Remoteness also increases the cost involved in getting educational infrastructure to these communities, making education and training low priority for communities without high levels of community ownership and control. â€Å"In remote and isolated communities where indigenous cultural activities are historically informed and remain strong, outside priorities driven by people from Australian English speaking, Western society may be given a low priority or may not be well understood.† (Pat Torres Allan Arnott 1999 pp, 225-234) Isolated and remote communities have few economic opportunities for uneducated indigenous Australians. â€Å"The government in remote communities generally supplements the local economy with b asic infrastructure such as power, water, and the provision ofShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"I Wanted to Go to School but My Parents Told Me, No Essays6683 Words   |  27 PagesAboriginal Australian history and it’s connections to official education policies both past and present. What is the connection between official education policies and key events in Aboriginal Australian history? How have Aboriginal people responded to these policies? Key events in Aboriginal Australian history stem from the time Australia was first discovered in 1788. For instance, when Federation came into existence in 1901, there was a prevailing belief held by non Aboriginal Australians thatRead MoreAboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Histories And Cultures Into Classroom Curriculum2443 Words   |  10 Pagesyour ideas using the Australian Curriculum conceptual framework for embedding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander histories and cultures. Aboriginal Studies and Torres Strait Islander Studies include histories, cultures, values, beliefs, languages, lifestyles and roles of Aboriginal societies or Torres Strait Islander societies before and after invasion. This study of Torres Strait Islander people and Aboriginal people presents an accurate history of Australia. Indigenous Studies covers both AboriginalRead MoreChildren Can Experience Prejudice Behaviour And Approaches During Their Young Age884 Words   |  4 Pageswhether the children are from diverse cultural backgrounds or not† (child Australia, 2014, p.7). I understand from the above statement that Indigenous approaches are related regardless of whether the children are from indigenous cultural backgrounds or not. I also found to be aware of that before passing on my own personal values and attitudes of indigenous cultural competence to the children through utilizing language, materials, activities, curriculum preferences and my interaction with othersRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health2207 Words   |  9 Pagesand available resources. There are five main aspects of social determinants: economic stability, social/community health, general health, education, and the surrounding built environment, where each determinant refers to multiple key issues. These determinants commo nly affect health, the functioning of people, their quality of life, as well as social, economic and physical risks. Examples of social determinants include: Economic stability Health/healthcare Education Surrounding built environments SocialRead MoreCultural Safety : A Important Effect Of An Organization2067 Words   |  9 PagesThis will allows them to identify the effect of their own culture has on their health care practice (Nursing Council of New Zealand 2002). Media plays a vital role in promoting health and health services. This could have impact on both, indigenous and non indigenous people. Media are a form of cultural practice, which have experienced amazing development in modern society with an increase in large number of active social roles. The media becomes a mediator between culture and society, which meansRead MoreWhat Is Inclusive Education and How Will This Shape Your Teaching Practice?3559 Words   |  15 Pagesinclusive educational experience for all participants. It will be shown that there are deficit based and systemic approaches to exclusion and that rather than promote inclusiveness; these approaches place the blame upon either individuals or institutions for exclusive practices. It will further be shown that for some equity groups, participation and successful outcomes are limited due to the socio-cultural nature of exclusivity experienced by these groups. In particular, education equity issues for IndigenousRead Mor eThe Closing The Gap Target1779 Words   |  8 Pagesaims which the Australian government and state governments wish to achieve in a particular dead line. Governments have created policies in order to enhance the status of Indigenous peoples. This is simply because Aboriginal people remain amongst the most disadvantaged Australians despite the formal recognition of equality (DFHCSIA, 2009). It is important for governments to take these disadvantages into consideration as they have such a large impact upon the education of Indigenous children. â€Å"LiteracyRead MoreAn Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation to the Australian Indigenous Population2831 Words   |  12 PagesAn Analysis of the Social Gradient of Health in Relation to the Australian Indigenous population â€Å"The demonstration of a social gradient of health predicts that reducing inequality itself has health benefits for all, not simply for the impoverished or deprived minorities within populations.† (Devitt, Hall Tsey 2001) The above quote from Devitt, Hall and Tsey’s paper is a relatively well grounded and well researched statement which draws on contemporary theoretical sociological concepts toRead MoreHow The Disadvantaged Social Status Of The First Australians Impacted Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Children2603 Words   |  11 PagesStanley Lopez, 2008, p. 471). It is undisputed that compared with mainstream Australians, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are still experiencing significantly worse health, social and economic outcomes. This essay will investigate how the disadvantaged social status of the First Australians has impacted Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children’s health, particularly in two school related health issues of poor nutrition and otitis media. Following this, the roles and responsibilitiesRead MoreHealth And Indigenous Australian Peoples Essay2350 Words   |  10 PagesUNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Student: Anushia Bentley Student ID No.: 22413376 Unit Name: Health and Indigenous Australian Peoples Unit Code: CUL0048-2016-2 Tutor’s name: Liz Rix Assignment No.: 3 Assignment Title: Bentley Anushia 22413376 assignment 3 Essay Due date: 15th September 2016 (extension approved) Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules Relating to Awards (Rule 3 Section 18 – Academic Misconduct Including Plagiarism) as contained in the SCU Policy Library. I understand

Letter to the Editor free essay sample

Forest has been protected from exploration of oil, gas and other natural resources and still remains untouched by humans but imagine the natural resources that could be hidden in this expansive wilderness. As with any proposed development there will be risks involved which is why a risk assessment would be necessary to keep the public safe by taking time to identify potential hazards, evaluate the risk of exposure and how it could potentially affect anyone who could be exposed. Once a hazard has been identified the steps involved in a risk assessment help gather more information about who has been exposed, the health effects of exposure and what can be done to resolve the issue. After the information about exposure has been analyzed then those involved in the risk assessment can decide the best way to resolve the issue without putting anyone at risk. By finding this important information it helps those involved in the risk management set priorities based on the threat of hazards and make sure the right preventative measures are taken to protect the public and habitat against the risk of exposure. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter to the Editor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though there are risks involved there are also advantages in developing this land, exploration and drilling on land is much safer and less riskier than off shore drilling. Exploration wells, drilling sites and oil transportation could potentially bring more jobs to the area and given the state of our economy this could be a great opportunity for the local economy. By using our own natural resources available we could free up some of the need for foreign oil and gas by using what we have available within the United States, although this is not an immediate solution it would provide a long term fix for gas prices and gas production in the future. In conclusion, I am not stating we need to develop the entire Bridger Teton National Forest but we can utilize some of the natural resources available and protect our environmental sustainability at the same time. Conservationists believe in the use of natural resources while being careful and respectful of using our natural resources at the same time. The Teton National Forest is the largest intact eco system in the lower 48 states that remains untouched by humans and many in our community would like to keep it that way. This land is more valuable to preserve and should be protected from being used for exploration of natural resources, on the other hand there are people that feel this expansive wilderness should be used to explore the natural resources available. We need to protect Teton National Forest from potentially dangerous hazards that could come from exploration and development for oil, natural gas and other natural resources. We have alternative ways to obtain the same resources and should focus our efforts on finding new alternatives for our non-renewable resources. Researchers argue that we could tap into these natural resources and still be environmentally friendly but there are risks involved that we should be aware of. Exploration and drilling for oil could lead to drill sites, oil transportation and potential oil spills that could result in environmental issues such as pollution and exposure to hazardous materials. By considering all potential risks involved and educating those around us we can help keep our community safe. Many people come to Bridger Teton National Forest to enjoy hiking, biking, camping, fishing, sightseeing and many other recreational activities this natural land provides. For some it is a great escape from daily life where you can come to get away from it all, imagine how different things would be sitting on top of the hill after a long hike and looking across the expansive landscape to see a drill site in the distance. An exploration of oil would not only affect outdoor recreational use of the forest but threaten wildlife by disrupting forest species and animals out of their natural habitat. All species exposed to the development area could be exposed to hazardous chemicals and pollutants that go hand in hand with oil drill sites. In closing, by preserving Teton National Forest and continuing to protect the land from drilling and exploration of natural resources we can keep it intact for our future generations. We need to come together as a community and stand up for what is right, we have a voice and need to continue to protect this valuable land that is our home! Sincerely, James Fraley A concerned citizen and preservationist

Eradication of Beauty Pageants an Example by

Eradication of Beauty Pageants The concept of beauty in the society relies on the messages and images that people see on media. Undeniably, the images of women on media sources have become the constructed reality for people which have been hard for women in twentieth century. Most people would probably say that the real beauty lies deep inside the person and that the way a person behaves would still be the measurement of his or her personality; however, the existence of external factors that affect women to dress and act like what they have seen on television have been evident in the society. Need essay sample on "Eradication of Beauty Pageants" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Beauty pageants were introduced in the society in the middle of nineteenth century. This event aims to search for the most beautiful woman with the right combination of beauty, talent, and personality (Scranton, 278). Since then, more women have become interested to join in this prestigious event that promises honor, fame, awards, and a princess in a fairy tale moment of her young life. The beauty pageants serve as a beauty competition among ladies in a specific height and age, a promotional event to attract tourism, and a tool for exploring and celebrating ethnic identity. The crown holder after the show has responsibilities and tasks to accomplish and serve as the representative of a certain institution or country to bigger events. The organizers have never failed to invite the aspiring beauty queens to participate in this event; in fact, most women even prepare themselves and wait for the announcement regarding the start of the registration and audition. Over the century, the mainstream has witnessed the changes of womens role in the society; in fact, this kind of event manifests the recognition of the people to the ability of women in participating to this kind of occasion. This may sound ironic because beauty pageants often portray the vulnerability of women rather than promoting them to a higher status in the society where the people live and survive through the culture and stereotypes that they have acquired from the past generation. Moreover, this representation of womanhood has been generating variety of responses that reflect societal conflicts beyond gender roles. While some women support beauty pageants and advocate that women who compete in the battle of beauty and brain are role models for young women and that this event provide extraordinary opportunities to them, some are criticizing the pageants because of its oppressive appeal to the society (Lind & Brzyzy, 32). The people get used to seeing beautiful ladies in swim su its or long dresses posing, walking, and turning while displaying their skinny bodies in front of the judges, and millions of television viewers around the world (Yano, 18). Even though the organizers and participants have been claiming that beauty pageants aim to promote women and their necessity in the society, its entire concept seem to offend women in every way that might dress and name them of new terms of stereotyping. Through beauty pageants, the young women adapt the ideas that this kind of event portray in the mainstream. In the feminist view, this event portrays women as sex object and depicts the vulnerability of women which can only be covered by their beauty and attractiveness. Moreover, it sets women in a social standardization wherein the people expect women to dress and act exactly the way participants did during the competition. Undeniably, beauty pageants have a strong appeal on women making them conform to the images that the organizers and the media convey during the event. The long legged skinny women in a two-piece costume put women to the pedestal making the society think that all women should dress and walk like them in order to b e considered as beautiful and attractive. In this manner, the women are being dressed in a new form of fashion trends which give them pressures to follow to the images of these aspiring beauty queens. Despite many criticisms, there has been increasing number of women who are willing to participate and show their talents and beauty on stage (Dave et al, 213). The indescribable emotion attached to the word pageant has been a mystery which most women are aiming to learn and experience as they walk into the spot light. Apparently, beauty pageants have become a popular culture which continuously grow and improve as the world conforms to modernity (Kramarae et al, 105). The exposure of sexy women on television has great impacts on the body image of other women especially the young ones. Through these images, the young adults become conscious of their physical appearance. The thin images of participants also make them think that women are only beautiful at the standard size which has been set by this kind of event. The beauty pageants have become the reflection of real women that should be respected in the society because of their appearance on stage and the fame that they get from parti cipating to this event. Instead of promoting the essence of women and gaining the respect of the society, beauty pageants are undeniably setting a new standard for them making them more oppressed in the society. The mainstream thinks that a woman should have a long hair, possesses a skinny and sexy body, and owns beautiful dresses and accessories to be able to gain the unordinary treatment of the public. These perfect images do not only portray modern women as young and sexy, but these presentations oppress women in the society wherein most women are already educated and possessing degrees which they could consider as real crowns in the post modern world. Beauty pageants are undeniably entertaining not only for women but also for the whole community because of the excitement that these kinds of shows bring in every episode; however, it also serve as a threat for women that slowly put them below the standard image in the mainstream and put them on the marginalized section of the society. Works Cited Dave, S. Nishime, L. & Oren, T. East Main Street: Asian American Popular Culture. New York: NYU Press, 2005 Kramarae, Cheris & Spender, Dale. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women. New York: Routledge, 2000 Lind, Amy & Brzuzy, Stephanie. Battleground: Women, Gender and Sexuality. USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008 Scranton, Philip. Beauty and business: commerce, gender, and culture in modern America. New York: Routledge, 2001 Yano. Christine. Crowning the nice girl: gender, ethnicity, and culture in Hawaii's Cherry Blossom Festival. USA: University of Hawaii Press, 2006

Amendments and East Side Riva Gang Essays

Amendments and East Side Riva Gang Essays Amendments and East Side Riva Gang Paper Amendments and East Side Riva Gang Paper November 21, 2011 Section # 45665, Hybrid Dr. Oliver M. Thompson Farah H. Soomro Student ID # 2252594 Phone # 415-920-3628 E-mail address: farah. [emailprotected] com Amendments And The East Side Riva Gang. The United States Constitution declares the Amendments that of which apply to anyone that is present in the United States, citizen or a non-citizen. The preamble, or an introduction given to the people, by the founding fathers of the United States was meant to lay an outline for the Amendments. One can interpret the preamble as a reason why the Amendments exist and why they are still being commonly used in the United States. The Amendments are also known as the Bill of Rights, which serve as a guide of basic rules established for the people who live, visit, or come to the U. S. , whether lawfully or unlawfully. The Amendments are derived from the English Bill of rights and English Law. The Constitution of the United States sets forth the nations fundamental laws. It establishes the form of the national government and defines the rights and liberties of the people residing in America. Many people do not realize the importance of Amendments, and only choose to practice them if and when they come in contact with the law. The Fourth and Fifth Amendments come into play when people are initially being arrested for any crime. The Fourth Amendment protects people against unreasonable search and seizure and the Fifth Amendment gives right for the person to remain silent, and not make self-incriminating statements. The Sixth Amendment grants someone charged with a crime, right to a speedy trial by the peers of his community. Once the court knowledge’s a crime has taken place by a person, Eight Amendment, is there to protect the person being charged with excusive fine or bail. Eight Amendments also grants the person found guilty to not face â€Å"cruel or unusual punishment. † The Fourteenth Amendment is perhaps the one we don’t realize very often. But it is there, to protect non-citizens and citizens alike. Civil gang injunctions are an increasingly popular gang suppression tactic. These injunctions were challenged in the past, but today city attorneys have carefully worded their filings, they now name every gang member, along with restricting what they wear, where they are allowed to go, how late they may stay out and prohibit the gangs from associating with each other, which includes throwing up signs, acting as lookouts and using drugs. Violating these terms could make them in contempt with court and carry a sentence. One such civil gang injunction was handed out to local gang here in Riverside, known as the East Side Riva. The issue rises, why are District Attorney; such as Rod Pacheco, allowed to violate privacy of these gang members. The word â€Å"privacy† itself does not appear in the U. S. Constitution, but the U. S. Supreme Court has said that several of the Amendments create this right. One of which is the Fourth Amendment. It stops the police and other government agencies from searching citizens and or their property without proof of incriminating evidence that is to brought forth before a judge should generate a belief that incriminating evidence can be found on the citizens/property. The law in this stance is simple one is very much entailed to their constitutional rights, up until the guilty verdict, where the first right you lose is the one most cherish the most, â€Å"right to privacy. † This by no mean gives way to not having an attorney present, sixth amendment as stated above, gives one right to counsel. In the case of evidence use, there were a couple of cases; Boyd v. United States and Weeks v. United States, that said the federal government couldn’t use evidence acquired through an illegal process due to an exclusionary rule and it would not be admissible in court. So, if the evidence is obtained legally, it is admissible in court. Most of the Amendments might not be as black and white as people would want them to be. Our forefathers left a gray area, which has now been left to the people of various sates to fill in. Though unknown by me, as to how affective Civil gang injunctions are, there was never injustice, or overstepped boundaries by the DA. East Side Riva gang members were nothing more than nuisance to the society they resided in, loss of privacy and unable to contact each other, or being asked to wear different clothing seems rather reasonable, all things considered. Once arrested for a gang related crime, an illegal alien would have been tried, represented with counsel, procedures and trail would have been exactly the same, but being a non-citizen, and with the current over crowding of the jails and prisons, the person convicted would have been deported. Considering, immigration would have been notified of their affiliation with a gang and legal status. The legal basis for denying probationers and parolees full constitutional protections has varied over the years, (1) In the case of parolees; many courts adopted the constructive custody theory. This theory holds that parolees remain in the custody of the state while on parole and, therefore, are entitled to only the same limited Fourth Amendment rights as inmates. Not everyone followed this theory. In 1972, the Supreme Court decided the case of Morrissey v. Brewer. This case involved the application of Fifth Amendment due processes to parole revocation hearings, several comments made by the Court were on its later discussion of Fourth Amendment rights of probationers and parolees. The Court recognized without much discussion that parolees and, by analogy, probationers are different from ordinary citizens. Because of their unique position, states lawfully may impose restrictions upon parolees and probationers that otherwise would be unlawful if applied to ordinary citizens. In the case of East Side Riva gang, though the injunction might/might not solve the problem of these gangs associating, or communicating, but the District Attorney Rod Pacheco prosecuted them by the law. Endnotes: (1) For a good examination of the development of these legal theories, see Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment (St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. , 1996), Section 10. 10.

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 62

English - Essay Example The bottom-up communication gives information about the employee’s needs, perceptions or opinions. Such practices assist the business in tailoring policies as well as programs meant to meet the specific requirements of the employees. On the other hand, top-down communication helps in increasing the utilization of specific workplace policies by ensuring employees are aware of the means to access and use the services (Doctor, 2008). Thus, lack of communication may result in huge losses in any business. For example, a marketing officer in a grocery business failed to inform his seniors that a majority of their products had increased in the market. It is obvious that an increase in supply results to a decrease in the price of a commodity. His reason was that he wanted to make some extra cash from the businesses sales. However, the business was faced with loss as most of its customers opted to buy goods from the rival business. After tracing the cause of their loss, the business managers realized the trick the marketer had played on them. Resultantly, the marketer was sucked, and the business adjusted its prices thereby attracting its former customers. From the story, it is clear that ineffective communication from the marketer caused the business loses. If the marketer was not selfish, he would have communicated on the increase of their goods in the market and the business would have adjusted its prices to move with the trend. Also, he would have retained his job. According to Du, B hattacharya and Sen (2010) communication is an essential instrument for the prosperity of any business. All businesses should, therefore, ensure that there is clear and efficient communication within their premises. Du, S., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2010). Maximizing business returns to corporate social responsibility (CSR): The role of CSR communication. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(1),

Christian Louboutin (shoe designer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Christian Louboutin (shoe designer) - Essay Example Christian Louboutin is a prominent French designer whose footwear has entailed shiny, red-lacquered soles, which have grown to become his signature. Christian Louboutin can be regarded as one of the most creative and prominent designers working today. Initially, his unique red-soled shoes were seen as a top secret treasure of an elite circle of Louboutin enthusiasts; nevertheless, sustained media attention has introduced Louboutin to the world and heralded unparalleled levels of popularity. As a result, Louboutin is worn by both fashion insiders and fashion-mindful celebrities and stylish women. The research of Christian Louboutin (shoe designer) is critical and should be understood by designer practitioners who strive to create unbeatable, unique brands. The essay seeks to engage students within a search for and analysis of contemporary design research. Background Louboutin started sketching shoes in his early teen years at the detriment of his academic endeavours. Louboutin had minimal formal training comprising of drawing and decorative arts at the Academie d’Art Roederer. For more than two decades, Louboutin’s designs including boot made from various animal hairs and a towering ten-inch slipper has been a market leader of luxury shoe design. The multiplicity of detail, form, and style are embodied in Louboutin’s shoes and designs can be regarded as reinforcing the allure of his one-of-a-kind creations (Welters and Lillethun 2011, p.511). Louboutin’s success can be partly linked to his love of travel, entertainment, and architecture, which guarantees that no two pairs of shoes are analogous (Craik 2009, p.29). Louboutin entered into the fashion industry in 1982 when he started as an intern at Charles Jourdan. For the subsequent decade, Louboutin learned his craft as he freelanced for high-profile fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent and Chanel. It was in 1992 that he launched his first shoe boutique in Paris, a number that has risen to over twenty five boutiques across the globe. Louboutin’s sought to avail his clients with an unbeatable experience, given that for each collection that he produced he would select artisans with certain skills, maintaining that it was essential to have his shoes crafted by skilled craftspeople rather than modern, mass-production machines (Welters and Lillethun 2011, p.512). Louboutin’s unique designs can be regarded as mainly influenced by fantasy, sex, and playfulness (Vartanian 2012, p.8). Discussion Louboutin’s distinct designs and signature features red-sole, high-heeled shoes are highly popular, especially among celebrities. Lo uboutin applies individualized approach when designing his collections to guarantee that he generates consistently innovative and desirable collections. His designs can be regarded to be in different, but highly appropriate design. This reinforces the notion that Louboutin’s shoes are not simple pieces of clothing, but also pieces of art (Renfrew and Renfrew 2009, p.117). Louboutin managed to develop an unmistakable signature by ensuring that all of his shoes featured bright red soles. A characteristic pair of his luxury shoes might also feature a stiletto heel and upper parts of coloured leather or exotic reptile skins. The price of the shoes normally ranges around $800 a pair. Louboutin’s shoes are renowned globally for their remarkably innovative design and distinctive glossy red sole. Louboutin’s lacquered red sole trademark is perceived as a â€Å"subtle status symbol† and can be regarded as highly alluring relative to the overt branding of the big-n ame luxury brands (Rauf and Vescia 2007, p.16). Louboutin contended that his utilization of the red colour mirror his conviction that red colour is a symbol of passion, blood,

Cleaning Humans Mess In The Waters Essay Example for Free

Cleaning Humans Mess In The Waters Essay One can not perfectly estimate how long it will actually take to clean up the oceans polluted by oil. It always depends on the techniques used, the efficiency of the people working on it, how often workers clean the oceans and the budget alloted for the clean-up. Cleaning the ocean is the less difficult part, but expects the recovery to take more than 15 years. If cleaning is the only issue, then 15 to 20 years will definitely be enough, given that all procedures are effective, all workers are responsible and serious with what they are doing and all alloted budgets are used directly to fund the oil spill clean up. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill into the Limelight We can take the Exxon Valdez oil spill as an example. On March 24, 1989, one of the most shocking and seemingly-unrecoverable environmental disasters happened in Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States. This occurrence is said to be among the worlds largest oil spills when it comes to how much oil spill is released to the waters. Prince William Sounds is a place which isnt easy to access. Because of its remote location, cleaning it was difficult. Workers who need to clean the waters had to ride in boats and helicopters to reach the place (Chandler and Streissguth, p. 5). What needed to be cleaned was 11,000 square miles of ocean or 28,000 square kilometers of water. There were 40. 9 million liters of oil, or 10. 8 million U. S gallons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil spilled into the sea. Cleaning up seemed impossible and people were hopeless, but there were bigger things at stake like lives of millions of seabirds, seals, sea otters and salmon which belonged to the sea and depended on such habitat for survival (Chandler and Streissguth, p. 6). There were indeed a lot of delaying tactics in terms of cleaning up the Exxon Valdez oil spill since it was the first time America was confronted with such a big disaster. No one was at least prepared for it. The responses to cleaning up were slow and generally inadequate. The shoreline of the waters was definitely destroyed. There was a dramatic decline in the microbial population. What were needed to start the cleanup were challenged by response management, but was in time attended by 85 aircrafts, 1,400 vessels and 11,000 personnel. Having been armed with all these, the clean up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill was started in April 1989 (Wells, Butler and Hughes, p. 217). Cleaning up oil spill can indeed be cleaned up within 15 to 20 years because considering the volume of oil spilled into the ocean by Exxon Valdez, five months was enough to partially clean the ocean and let the government stop the people from cleaning the oceans up. If cleaning up continued, the health of the workers will definitely be jeopardized. What Alaska did was to stop the cleaning in September (which was started in April of the same year) and waited for winter instead. Responses resumed in the next two years, where cleaning up was at its height during the summers. Winters were skipped because the weather was sure to help with the clean up, too. Alaska is known for more than frequent winter storms. This time, winter storms are a blessing in disguise because these were capable of removing the oil which accumulated in the shorelines. Even sub-surface oils were removed from the ocean, too. By summer, cleaning up with personnel and procedures resumed (Wells, Butler and Hughes, p. 218). Human efforts and the help from the environment was enough to clean the Exxon Valdez oil spill in approximately three years. After the efforts and responses from women, it becomes the turn of the environment. This actually happened when 378 of the 587 segments of shorelines were treated through the application of bioremediation alone. It didnt take too long a time until cleaning the oil spill only required simpler techniques like bioremediation (as mentioned earlier), manual clean up and limited use of equipment (Wells, Butler and Hughes, p. 316). If this is how long it takes for a great disaster to be cleaned up, then how can one say that 15 to 20 years is not enough? Let it be a Lesson Learned It wont necessarily take 15 to 20 years to clean up the ocean. It may reach that long enough, though, if cleaning up is still done irresponsibly. Clean-up attempts are dangerous. In fact, cleaning up may even be more destructive than the oil spill itself because physical methods and chemicals are needed to eradicate the oil from the waters. If the amount is incorrect or the physical method is done improperly, then further damage can be caused, thereby delaying the cleaning up process and recovery (Alvord and Alvord, p. 77). Oil penetrated deeply into the sea. The spilled oil stays fresh for a couple of years. In no time, it returns back to the surface. Before it even reaches the surface, the oil should be taken away from the ocean bed because it can kill nearly animals once it reaches the waters surface. This is a concern of the people who work in cleaning up the oceans, which is why the response in oil spills is relatively fast since the Exxon Valdez caused trauma to a lot of people (Alvord and Alvord, p. 77). Because of the effects of oil on marine life and the quality of sea water, people are alerted – from government, be it local or national, to local residents near the shorelines of oceans. This alert alone is enough to warn everybody about the adverse effects of oil spill. The Exxon Valdez serves as a living example to help people stop the harmful things they do to the environment. The elimination of harmful acts will surely help in reducing the required clean-up years. Whatever it is that takes 15 to 20 years is not the cleaning procedures at all, but the long-term effects of the spilled oil. Millions of marine creatures are killed and it will take decades before reproduction is active and healthy again. The food we get from the water becomes questionable while tourism and economic depression is experienced.