R R Case Study Solution Essay Example

R R Case Study Solution Essay Bob Reiss in 1983 observed with interest the success in the Canadian market of new game board called â€Å"Trivial Pursuit†, The sale of the game in the US tended to be approximately ten times those of sales in Canada since â€Å"Trivial Pursuit† had sold 100,000 copies . Now Reiss thought game make a boom in US market and this make a profitable opportunity for him. After Graduation from Harvard Business School in 1956 Bob Reiss  started working for a company of stationary products. He saw that as an opportunity to learn about running a business while someone else â€Å"picked up the tab. He then started a sales rep company and soon stumbled on opportunities in adult games like chess and magic. Eventually he sold his company to a needlecraft company. Bob then founded Ramp;R to create and sell games, including the  TV Guide  Trivia game produced during the Trivial Pursuit craze in the 1980s. In this case study, we analyze the Bob Reiss is an entrepreneur. Opportun ities and challenges it faces in starting a new business. Define his education and work experience and expertise. And that is how the game industry and  also define that how he find an opportunity to start business. Rationale and Discussion on  Ã‚  Ramp;R Bob Reiss is a graduate of Harvard University in 1956, he worked for a company  that made stationary products. He specializes in games for adults and in 1959 he founded his own business as an independent representative of manufacturing in the same  stationaryindustry, specializing in games for adults. In 1973 Reiss, his company represents a small American Stock Exchange market for the shares sold and began working in the games development Department. And in three years, he built for $ 12,000,000. In 1979 he left the company. And started his own company, with the name R amp; R in offices with the help of his secretary. He promised low overhead costs and no responsibility of company to look after. He decided to do consulting. Because Reiss think the  consultancy  is the way to get a little money to live. R amp; R is the first step in the direction of its new business of games. Then the idea of his own business come in his mind he found that â€Å"trivial pursuit† game which was developed in Canada which introduced in 1980. The sale of this game is very high. We will write a custom essay sample on R R Case Study Solution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on R R Case Study Solution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on R R Case Study Solution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This game was introduced in the toy fair show in US in 1983 by selchow amp; roghter makers of scrabble under the license of Horn and Abbot in Canada. Trivial game turn down the market value of the parker Bros and Bradley, which are two most largest companies of games in US. Selchow amp; roghter both were not good marketer in the market and have no relationship with any TV advertisement or less public relations. So the initial reactions at toy fair show were not so better. At august the game is started at retails. And get famous on the people of US. Then Bob Reiss think that he should work on this idea. He decided to design and market his own trivia game. He researches on it and segmentation the targeted audience. That immediately made sense, because the average family size is about seven and a half hours spent watching TV per day. Then he decided to build a television quiz game. He knew the business well as games Reiss had a sharp national sales offices were then decided to build a strong organization representatives. He took what they repeatedly referred to in sub-local areas across the country. This is a great opportunity for Reiss had excellent relations with representatives from across the country. He had great relations with many buyers. It was all distribution channels. He started brainstorming. One proposal is the idea of television. After discovering the conclusions, that Reiss has a large TV was TV Guide, because his movement is on the market about eighteen million. of recent cases, and Alan Reiss had the confidence between them. Bob Reiss wanted to bring something unique to grab the attention of the audience and introduced some new and different rules on the ‘Trivial Pursuit’ board. When Reiss shared his ideas with his colleagues, they suggested television as a great potential for making any product success because he was not able to invest a large advertising budgets. Finally he want o to free publicity on media, with the help of TV Guide its possible game war mention on many talk shows on TV and Radio and news of its was published in many newspapers and cost were split between Trivia Inc. and TV Guide. He was an opportunity seeker and innovator because his ideas generated in the United States of trivia games and marketing idea is totally awesome. Then he thought, while screening the audience that he is correct or not for how much cost of this project. I like my idea? This is good for me. What is his strategy works, and how? He is all and all for complete information on how to collect his work, his ideas. He examined the feasibility of his idea is feasible, so that each company has invested funding. He earned much money, enough that he started his next idea. And after 8 months he left everything to work on next but unique idea. And the magazine that had the highest circulation of Readers Digest. Reiss then sent a letter to Eric Larson, Publisher of TV Guide. This reminded that this project can explore beneficial to both and would like opportunities. Inspired by his strong attraction for the Reiss-communications company with detailed information on this idea. He sent the proposal of this idea as an assistant editor of TV Guide. Which two options specify the proposal is that TV Guide made the game. And the second is that he is the sole distributor on a commission basis. One day TV Guide calls him for visit. Reiss brought his friend with him named Alan Charles. Alan is professional game inventor with whom he worked before in time magazine. Reiss reference to thirteen that TV Guide, whose work on this project and TV Guide Call everyone around them without wasting any time. And he had a strong recommendation for the team of people. The calendar has been verified references Reiss, and they had good chemistry. TV Guide liked the idea of working with a younger generation, because they were themselves entrepreneurship. The first player to input Reiss was necessary to develop a game a game inventor Alan Charles. Reiss gave him a tax of 5 per cent on the previous units, and then his fee would be 3 percent. Reiss is increasing its fees for the free TV Guide ads receive. Inventors paid care. Thanks to the experience Reiss as Entrepreneurial In this this business Reiss is an entrepreneurial because of following factores and traits 1. Opportunity finder: Reiss find the best opportunity to do a business in totally different way and earn lots of profit from it so he is an opportunity finder. 2. Innovativeness  : His business is not a totally innovative business but in US it’s totally as a innovative and unique idea and on second side his plan for marketing on media is great. 3. Passion. Reiss is more Passionate toward his idea and business to explore it and its uccess. 4. Trust and Integrity: With his dealing and way to do business he prove his trust on other investor and they ready to invest in his business this show his trustworthiness . And agreement with TV Guide show the good example of integrity of Reiss. 5. Creativeness  : Reiss is a more creative person and he proves its creativeness through free marketing plan and launching a new succ essful business in US. Problems in R amp; R 1. Finance to start the business. 2. Initial low cost. 3. Less Advertisement 4. Competitors in market. 5. Create brand image 6. Less interest in future by gamer

Free The Canar Book Review Essay

Free The Canar Book Review Essay The Canar The cultural anthropology book illustrates that exogamy can be divided into sections The sections include natural as well as cultural. In her book, Judy Blankenship gives examples of people who were involved in either naturally or culturally binding marriages. Judy states that various people in Ecuador do not allow their children to marry their relatives. Moreover, several families exercised natural exogamy where children were allowed to marry provided there was no direct blood relationship. The cultural anthropology presents affinity by law as the kinship established through marriage Kinship in Canar society comprised of people from diverse backgrounds and relationships and thereafter increasing intermarriages. Judys photographs showed couples in the eastern highlands whose marriage was based on affinity by law and children acquired by adoption. The other example from the cultural anthropology book is consanguine relationship. People defined as consanguine were found to have specific familial relations. Several families in the village had a common ancestor where all the sons derived their identity. Children from the same lineage are rarely allowed to marry each other since they have a direct relationship. Conclusion Contextually, it can conclusively be observed that most of the families have clear outlines of blood connections. This aspect helps lead in the formation and development of hierarchy where descendants trace their origin from a single grandfather trickling down in a unique way. Patrilineal descent defines the relationship that descends down from the ancient grandfathers to the male descendants. On the other hand, Judy illustrates diverse experiences she had with the various families in Canar that could identify their Patrilineal lineage structure.

Christ as sacrament of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Christ as sacrament of God - Essay Example He was called (Word) Son of God at birth (Heb. 1: 3-14). The heavenly angels worshipped him (Heb. 1: 6) This proves that Jesus is a God for only God can be worshipped. (Acts 10: 25,26). Jesus accepted his being God (Jn. 10: 29, 36). The Jews felt this as Blasphemy for they interpreted Jesus' claim as Son of God as making himself a God also. (Jn. 10: 30-33) Jesus said that he and the Father are one. Jesus showed good works being a sacrament of the Father God. Jesus is the old testament's Emmanuel and the Alpha and the Omega. Jesus is another Person in the Holy Trinity. Jesus was fully and concurrently both man and God. Christ is the head of the Mystical body, the Catholic Church( Vatican II). Jesus was the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of every creature. Jesus rules the things in heaven and on earth with his Glory. Jesus is the divine teacher(Lumen Gentium). According to Dulles, The true church (Political Society Model)was a community of men brought together by same Christian faith and sacraments (thru grace, hope and love) under leadership of pastors and the Pope. (Body of Christ model). In the Church as servant model, the church must help its members in solving daily problems of human life on earth.(Dulles). In Splendour of the Church (Lubac), the beautiful architectural wonders of the Catholic Churches in the Vatican and other Major historical sites, Catholic Universities all over the world were constructed to teach liberal arts and more importantly to spread christianity. (Lubac). In Gaudium at Spes. the modern church is now confronted with technological, financial advances like tv, cellphone, airplanes, a fast paced life and population explosion. Man pursued his goals making God and Christ aside. Most men abused their liberty and preferred to violate God's laws. Poverty forces man to feed his stomach first before obeying God's laws. The arts and sciences must be harnessed to help improve human life. War must be avoided thru building a community of nations. Not all those who say Lord, Lord will go to heaven They must obey God's commandments. In Mysterium Ecclesiae, The church is one and infallible. Catholics must esteem their common Christian heritage thru purification and renewal. The will of Christ must be fulfilled by following His teachings handed down thru the popes starting with Peter and the apostles. Infallibility of the church, that should not be falsified, includes the deposit of faith and those matters without which the deposit of faith should be preserved. Priests, alone, can build up the Body in the Holy Eucharist. In Church and Unity,The church cannot commit mistakes in its decisions.The trinity doctrine is based on tradition. The Protestants freed themselves from Catholic traditions and teachings and based their beliefs on the bible. Love should unite the Catholic Church with Protestants and othe r churches. The Catholic church dislikes the going away of the Protestants. In Decree and Ecumenism, restoration of the unity of Catholics is the main thrust of Second Vatican Council. In Church as a communion, the

The Power of Advertising in Modern Society Essay

The Power of Advertising in Modern Society - Essay Example The power of advertisements is immediately linked to their use of imagery and their sponsorship of commercial media. While the majority express a dismissive attitude towards advertisements and claim to be unaffected by them, available figures support an alternate reality. Steinberg emphasises this point when highlighting the financial resources which companies set aside for advertisements per season. In 2008, 30-second Super Bowl ads sold for $3 million (para 1). As exorbitant as this figure may sound, every single ad spot was sold and networks were pressured to provide more advertising slots. The reason, as Steinberg explains, is that advertising makes financial sense. The Super Bowl, for example, is viewed by almost 100 million people across the United States, with the implication being that Super Bowl ads give companies the opportunity to deliver their commercial message to 100 million people in just 30 seconds (Steinberg, para 6-8). Within the context of the stated, the $3 million figure is an investment in the popularisation of a brand/product and an attempt to persuade 100 million people to, at least, consider purchase. Accordingly, while most claim that they are unaffected by advertisements, the sums which companies invest in the purchase of prime-time advertisement spots tells a very different story. The power of advertisements does not only derive from their primetime placement but from their use of imagery. ... 185-186). For example, the images which Calvin Klein employs in its jeans ads are not just selected for the purpose of depicting the product but of portraying all that which may potentially be associated with the product. This includes sex appeal, charisma and an aura of success and popularity, among others. The point here is that the power of an advertisement and its ability to attract the attention of consumers is almost entirely dependant upon its use and selection of visuals. The fact that advertisements draw their power from images, rather than words, maximises their appeal and potential for attraction. As may be inferred from Moeller's analysis of the importance of imagery, the power of images lies in that they are open to interpretation and that viewers can, to an extent, impose their on meanings and values upon them (para 5-9). Unlike words where meaning is explicitly state, leaving little for the imposition of subjective interpretations, images provide viewers with the freedom to impose their own meaning and interpretations upon them. The implication here is that visuals can be personalized. Hence, the power of ads does not simply derive from the images which they use but from the fact that viewers have the freedom to impose personal meanings upon these images. Whether or not people choose to openly admit it, ads wield power. The imagery which they use influences our perceptions and their very presence provides us with media content. As Steve Hall explains, the production of media content is very costly and corporations only undertake the expenses involved for the purposes of profiting. Insofar as television content is concerned, whether sporting events or popular serials, advertisements cover the costs and generate the profits

How a Bill Becomes a Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How a Bill Becomes a Law - Essay Example However, not every bill becomes a law. So the question is how exactly a bill becomes a law, from an idea in somebody’s head to the President of the United States enacting the law by a stroke of his pen. Discussion Many people who grew up in the 1970’s and 1980’s remember the humorous â€Å"I’m Just a Bill† segment from Schoolhouse Rock with some affection. Nevertheless, although its aim was the education of elementary school children, the skit did a fairly accurate description of the bill-to-law process: I became a bill, and I'll remain a bill until they decide to make me a law (Schoolhouse, 2012). The producers might have tried to make the show into a primetime special, for many adults do not have any idea how a bill becomes a law in this country either. First a person, be they private citizen or politician, has an idea for a law that would benefit the majority. The President can issue a temporary proclamation (such as sending the military to fight ) but even he has to ask a sympathetic member of Congress to introduce the bill. Under the United States Constitution, either house of the Congress (Senate or House of Representatives) can introduce the bill. ... This is especially true if the idea is brought forth by means of a petition, one hundred or more people. Therefore, maybe looking at Ryan’s bill about the Post Office building would provide a good description of the process. On January 24, 2000 HR 4241, â€Å"To designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 1818 Milton Avenue in Janesville, Wisconsin as the Les Aspin Post Office Building† was introduced to the 106th Congress. Approximately two months later, Ryan and most of his Wisconsin colleagues formally introduced HR 4241 as a bill on April 11. From there, he House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform received it; and the bill passed rather quickly through that committee. Aspin was a well-respected member of Congress for many years, as well as Clinton’s Secretary of Defense. The full House voted on the bill on June 6, when it passed overwhelmingly, 378-6. The next day, the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs received the bill, where it became S. 2458. After only two weeks, the entire Senate likewise voted on the bill, again passing it with a large margin. The Executive Office took delivery of the bill on June 28 for Presidential consideration and President Clinton signed it into law on July 6, 2000 (GovTrack, 2012). From Resolution to law the bill took less than six months but they can sometimes linger for months or even years, especially particularly touchy subjects such as health care. Because laymen do sometimes not understand the technical language and needs, it might be best if the health care professional seeks a fellow HCP in Congress to ask for legislation. There are several nurses in the House, including Karen Bass of California and Eddie Johnson of Texas. Sixteen doctors include John Fleming

Evaluation of the strategy practices of Haier Group

Evaluation of the strategy practices of Haier Group This analysis report is prepared to evaluate the strategy practices adopted by Haier group in recent years. Qingdao Haier Group is a consumer electrical maker which transformed from a refrigerator factory in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China founded in 1984. In 1992, the company had simplified their company name from Qingdao Haier Group to its current name, Haier Group. A new director was appointed in 1984, who is Mr. Zhang Ruimin. Thus, a new management team was formed and leaded under Zhang, to solve companys problems, such as debts, lack of quality control and poor management. This report will be discussed under various collection of sources which found related to Haier group, which includes books, websites, media articles, journal articles, Haiers official website and Haiers yearly annual reports. All the sources will be using in the analysis to support and prove that the related theories have been applied into the companys strategies. 1.0 Introduction Strategic management can be described as the identification of the purpose of the organization and the plans and actions to achieve that purpose. Corporate level strategy means the strategic decisions that lead companies to diversify from one business areas. It also means the role of the corporate headquarters in directing and influencing strategy across a multi-product group of companies (Richard Lynch, 2009). In this strategic analysis, discussions will be focused into three main segments. A general Haiers company overview will be done in the first place to investigate the milestones they have been gone through in past decade. Analysis continues in analyze corporate internal and external environment, SWOT analysis and Haiers unique OEC Management will be criticized in details in this segment. Moreover, the next segment discusses how Haier strategically competes in the local and international markets by using Ansoff Matrix and The Strategic Clock theories. Haiers internalization strategies will be evaluated in the last segment that includes Joint Ventures and Acquisitions where the corporate adopts in the process of globalization. 2.0 Corporate Background Haier Group was founded in 1984 with headquarters in Qingdao, Shandong Province, China. In 1984, Haier produced and selling only a single model of refrigerator, it shows that Haier Group has been gone through major developments in years. Today, they rank themselves as one of the worlds leading white goods home appliance manufacturers (Haier, 2008). In last few decades Haier has grown their group to become the 4th largest white goods manufacturer and one of Chinas Top 100 IT Companies guided by the business philosophy of CEO Zhang Ruimin. Mainly, they has experienced a strategy for growth which is mainly formed into three major development stages, known as Brand Building, Diversification and Globalization (Haier, 2008). According to Michael Kanellos, 2008 Haier is trying to expand its presence globally and go up market. The company has been selling air conditioners, fridges, and other household items in the U.S. since 2000. But in 2006, it began selling LCD televisions. In November, it began selling music players. They has never been satisfied to just become a national brand, in January 2005, Haiers refrigerators were selected as best sellers in the UK by Ethical Consumer (Haier Worldwide, 2008) Haier employ over 50, 000 workers throughout the world, it has 240 subordinate companies and 30 design centers, plants and also trade companies. Their product categories are range from refrigerators, refrigerating cabinets, washing machine, air conditioners, home theatre systems, televisions, mobile phones, water heaters, DVD players and integrated furniture. Haier broadly recognized as a world leader in the technology domains of networked home appliances, intelligent integrated home furniture, digitalization and large scale integrated circuits. Different with other corporations, Haier is a state-owed company leading among others Chinese companies along with its brand name. They have been well developed and consistent which has leaded them rapidly expansion into the international market after the successfulness in its local country, and it is continues to grow until today. 3.0 Discussions 3.1 Haiers Internal and External Strategic Environment 3.1.1 SWOT Analysis The central purpose of the SWOT analysis (see appendix ) is to identify strategies that align, fit or match a companys resources and capabilities to the demands of the environment in which the company operates (Gerry Johnson et al, 2008). Organizations have to critically evaluate all strategic alternatives by using SWOT analysis to achieve its major goals and targets. In other words, Haier practices SWOT as to build on strengths so as to utilize opportunities and counteract threats, and at the same time correct its weakness. Haier has strong technology strength, they are broadly well known by leading nine products in its domestic markets share and also the top three white goods brand in terms of three products (refrigerator, air-conditioner and washing machine) in global market. They are also a world-class group in the fields of household appliances, network appliances, digital and large range integrated circuits and new equipments. Beside that, Haier also has a long term fundamental drive, which is innovation force that applies in its producing and management. As a result, their innovation in providing after-sales service has brings significance response from its customers. New upgraded products like dual drive washing machine, safe care water heater, four temperatures zone refrigerator and smart air conditioner are all been created under Haiers innovation strengths in improving products. Although Haier has a world level of technologies, but they has low level of core technology as they deeply relies on few world well known companies who supply core accessories and core components for Haier. Like for example, Haier used chips which made from Philips in its television industry, also, they bought quality compressors from Mitsubishi in its air-conditioner production. This will be a major weakness for Haier in expanding globally. Haier also weak in channels, the do not have a complete one. They even unable to deliver products to retailers, cost has increased as they needs to rent warehouses for storage purpose. Global economic integration is an opportunity and also a challenge for Haier. Haier may obtain the best quality raw materials from the international markets, recruit the best talents from all over the world, and discover more international markets. Haier should catch this chance and make full use of it to help in its process of globalization. The most important market for Haier is still its domestic market, which is China. As Haier hold more than 26.2% of the overall home appliance market in China, and the household appliances market continues to growth more than 20% every year. Thus, in future, China is still the best market for Haier to earn although they have been entering into international markets. Haier faces tough competition since entering into international markets. In the same industry, there are others worldwide recognized brands such as Panasonic, Samsung, Philips, LG and many mores. Haier is still new in other nations besides China and Asia markets; it is hard to compete with those strong rivals exclusive marketing. As China has bad country image of producing low quality and cheap price products, it is a major problem of Haier which aims to offers premium range of products, they have to against with this threat in order to build its brand into other nation. 3.1.2 OEC Management in Haier OEC stands for Overall Every Control, it also can be indicates as overall everyday/ everyone/ everythings control and clear of every workers in Haier. The CEO of Haier, Zhang, has created the unique OEC management control system to aims at overall control of everything that every employee finishes on his or her job everyday with a 1% increase over what was done the previous day. The OEC management control system has three aspects: target setting, control, checking and clearance; and incentive mechanism. Workers of Haier are awarded based on the quality of their work; it is either red reward or yellow penalty cards will be given. Other than that, promotion is decided by using open biding system to ensure the fairness in the awarding process (Thomas W. Lin, 2005). OEM is a strategic process with all that this involves in terms of the human resources of the company, its change culture and leadership. Thomas W. Lin, 2005 stated that Haiers OEC management-control system and enterprise culture have the following characteristics: Focus on and understand customer value, product quality, operating efficiency, innovation, and speed to market. Commit top management and leadership to creating a new way of management and a performance culture. Involve management and employees in creating the OEC management-control system. Allow them to become familiar with OEC so they feel included and share in ownership of the system. Educate management and employees. Use seminars and weekly company newsletters to explain the firms strategy, customer value, OEC management, and the idea of every employee being a strategic business unit to enable them to understand the concepts and appreciate the benefits. Create desired incentives, and reassure employees that they will be evaluated properly in accordance with their performance. 3.2 Strategic achieves Competitive Advantages If an organization possesses superior knowledge to its competitors then this can deliver core competencies which, in turn, produce competitive advantage (David Campbell, 2007). This segment will be discusses on how Haier adopts Ansoff Matrix and The Strategic Clock to achieve create competitive advantages. 3.2.1 Ansoff Matrix The most commonly used model for anaylysing the possible strategic directions that an organization can follows is the Ansoff Matrix (see appendix ). There are four broad alternatives, which are market penetration, product development, market development and diversification (David Campbell, 2007). Product development involves developing new products for the same existing markets a company has. The ability to innovate is crucial in developing products for rapidly changing consumer markets (Anthony Henry, 2008). In other explanation, product development simply means a company offers or delivers modified or brand new products to the same targeted markets. In the beginning, Haier has only four types of main products, which are refrigerators, air-conditinors, washing machines, and freezers. But in year 1999, Haier had launched a brand new product, named All media, All-digital television. It was a successful launching that has widely attracting a big number of users. Besides that, Haier also developing varieties in the same product line, the modified new products was targeted in the original markets. For example, some new model has been modified in refrigerator line such as little prince series (see appendix ). Market development involves entering new markets with the firms existing products. This may be done by targeting new market segments and new geographical areas, or by devising new uses for its products (Anthony Henry, 2008). Another strategy which Haier adopts to grow is market development. As market development declares as expand existing products to new markets, so it is either through new segments, new users, new geographies, or all three at the same time. In the case of Haier, they overseas to integrates into the global big markets and economies together with their premium white goods. Haier develops in most of the Europe countries included United Kingdom, United States, Germany, and Italy. Thus, they become an international corporation and involves in most of the household appliances manufacturing industry, and also entered cell phone manufacturing, insurance and finance. In the year 2001, they even involves in pharmaceutical industry. Diversification occurs when an organization moves away from a single product or dominant business area into other business areas, which may or may not be related to the original product. Although diversification is a solid strategy that defined as takes the company away from both its existing products and markets, but Gerry Johnson et al, 2008 suggests that a good deal of diversification in practice involves building on relationships with existing markets or products. Diversification is a matter of degree. Clearly Haier has almost perfectly practiced diversification by adopts both product development and market development. Moreover, diversifications have brought extra hidden competitive advantages towards the company. A very common justification of diversification is dispersion risk across a sort of businesses. Haier India has laughed Haier Mobile in year 2005, a whole new product created to entering into new markets. Haier Telecom India Pvt. Ltd. started operations in December 2005 to market Haier Mobiles (see appendix ). With the growing opportunities in India and around the world HTIL has marked its presence across four continents in the high growth centers of Asia, Africa, South America and Europe (Haier Mobiles, 2005). Diversification has been involves in Haier growth stage, besides improvement and growing on white goods industry, they also expanded into other industries that includes communication and IT products, Haier pharmacy, Haier Software and Haier real estate. Diversify from one product to a variety of products (in 1984, we had refrigerators only, and in 1998, we had dozens of products), from white goods to brown goods through capital operation in a way of activating shock fish. Tangible assets were activated using intangible assets and the business was expanded and strengthened at the minimum cost and in the shortest time (Haier, 2008). 3.2.2 The Strategic Clock Cliff Bowman and Richard DAveni emphasis that competitive advantage is achieved by providing customers with what they want, or need, better or more effectively than competitors. The strategy clock (see appendix ) represents different positions in a market where customers have different requirements in terms of money and value (Gerry Johnson et al, 2008). It is important for a firm to focuses on which markets customer they are targeting at, as different customer may have different perceptions on the same product. Most of the consumer have different needs and at the same time searching for different benefits and values. Like for example, for an air-conditioning user, they choose the product based on price or functionality? Haier using differentiation strategy on their new air-conditioning (see appendix ) which has added auto cleaning system. It not just keeps the room chill but at the same time has self-cleaning system works through its new created technology, there is a unique open and close feature adds on to the model. Haier is achieving competitive advantage because with the extra value added on the product yet it still charged at the same price, this shows that they had offers extra benefit that makes their product different from other competitors with a competitive price. 3.3 Strategic competes in International Markets Since 1998, Haier Group exported its outputs first to Germany, then to European countries. After years, they started to entry US markets, Middle Eastern countries, South-eastern countries, and India. According to Charles W. L. Hill et al, 2007 companies need to consider carefully all the possible ways they can set up their operations to minimum risk. He also suggested Haier believes that globalization is not just export, but more crucially create the export license. In order to decrease the risk of entering a new market, they pursue strategic alliances to position its company into new areas, beside that; new plant will be set up (or acquisition decision will be made) only if there is a market and the plant must at least reach a breakeven point. 3.3.1 Strategic Alliances One of the most common ways to entry a new market with low risk is through strategic alliances (see appendix ), where a company can share and use the resources and capabilities held by its partner company. There are some reasons behind of why Haier choosing strategic alliances. First; they may feel that it can benefit from its local partners knowledge of a host nations competitive conditions, culture, language, political systems and business systems. Second, when the development costs and risks of opening up a foreign market are high, they may gain by sharing these costs and risks with its local partner. Third, political considerations in some nations make strategic the only feasible entry mode (Charles W. L. Hill et al, 2007). A New York based import corporation named Welbilt Appliances which owed by Michael Jemal approached Haier to invites them to entry US market in 1994. In the same year, Welbilt Appliances bought 150,000 units consists of three models of compact refrigerators that met the safety and energy standards of US from Haier. All units were sold in a year under Welbilts name. Haier America was formed in 1999 after the successfulness of the mini-refrigerators line, a new office has located in Manhattan with 17 staffs, and for the first year of operations, they target to reach $50 million dollar of sales. After three years, they had reach a wonderful result that they had sold 80,000 full size refrigerators, approximately 2% of the US market. 3.3.2 Acquisition Acquisitions are often been use to enter a new market area for the company when they need other companys competencies to survive in the area. The benefits behind acquisitions are a company can purchase a market leader in a strong cash position overnight, rather than spend years building up market leadership through internal development (Charles W. L. Hill et al, 2007). A company choose to acquiring another company for certain reasons, and for Haier, it simply because they need to move fast in internalization. Charles W. L. Hill et al, 2008 argues that acquisitions are also perceived to be somewhat less risky than internal new ventures, primarily because they involve less certainty. Given the nature of internal new ventures, large uncertainties are associated with projecting future profitability, revenue and cash flow. In the year 2001, a refrigerator plant located in Padova, Italy (one of the most giant manufacturers which producing build-in appliances) has been chosen by Haier to acquire and invested $8 million dollar, the new plant is planned to manufacture build-in freezers and refrigerators for the fast growing build-in sector on that time in European market. Right in the next year, another new Italy-based organization named Haier A/C Trading has been formed and air-conditioners were began to been supplying in the local market. 4.0 Conclusion and Recommendation From the analysis, all the findings showed that today Haiers achievement are much related with the strategies they practised. Based on the SWOT analysis, there is evidences show that Haier has its strengths to competes in its targeted industry, the OEM Management system has even strengthen up its capability to overcome possible threats and help them to catch opportunities for now and future. By practising diversification and other related strategies under Ansoff Matrix, it has allowed Haier to gain competitive advantages in local and international market making them the well-known premium white goods brand in the world. Combination of all strategies has brought Haier to reach first-class performance, and also achieve the quality of service class in its industry, they are still the only Asian company awarded Five Star Diamond Award. Competitive-oriented overseas market entry and uses strategies in gaining competitive advantages are the major motive of Haier to compete with world giants in its internationalisation planning and will be continues reaching successfulness in the future.

My Diary Essays -- essays papers

My Diary October 11, 1950 I found the diary of my girlhood journey and new life in America yesterday. I feel that the story and lesson I learned from it are priceless and should be told; therefore I am publishing this collection of deep innermost thoughts from my youth for you to read and enjoy. It is my hope that you can look at your life and realize all the things there are to be thankful for. It seems like just yesterday I was first coming to America. I can still clearly feel the wonder and astonishment that rushed through my body that day at the sight of America. The tall buildings aligned with the horizon welcomed me to my new home. All I could manage to utter was, "There it is! This is it." My mouth gaped open in amazement and a chilly wind whipped through my hair as I set eyes upon the beginning of the rest of my life. There it stood beckoning to me, Ellis Island. It was my first stop in America. I heard all about America from my father, who had already visited once. He told me of the different clothing styles, big cities, bigger buildings, free education, and unusual foods. Soon I would experience all this on my own. My parents' decision to bring my sister and I to America back in 1899 was based upon bettering our lives and pure adventure. We had everything in Germany, but back then everyone wanted to be American. My sister and I could receive free education here. There wasn't much education available in Germany at the time, and what there was cost a great deal. In America education was free. October 18, 1900 My first stop in America was at a place called Ellis Island. All of the immigrants have to stop there first before being considered a real American. While there, I saw no two people that looked a like. Everyone spoke different languages. It was hard to communicate with some people. Luckily, my sister, Emily, and I speak some English, and we'll learn even more once we start school. After the brief registration at Ellis Island, Dad took us straight to our new dwelling. I was hoping it would be spacious and clean, just like our old house, but it wasn't. It wasn't a house like I was used to, but what they call tenement housing. It's a small apartment, with only two rooms. I don't even get my own bedroom. ... ...ted the furniture shop from Dad, and it's still open today. My parents were very happy at the success of their two children. I completed school, married, and later became a writer. Emily also completed school and married. She became an English teacher. Emily died at the tender age of 24 during childbirth. I miss my family dearly. Looking back on those months of my life when we first arrived in America, I only now realize how much I learned. I can now see how selfish and inconsiderate I was to my family. I was self-centered, but I didn't realize it at the time. Dad was having problems supporting his family, but I was worried about not having a new dress or toy. Both of my parents made the best life possible for Emily and I with what little they had. They sacrificed the certain life they once knew in Germany to come to an unknown country with no idea what the future would hold for them, just so my sister and I could better our lives. I didn't learn this lesson until I went to school and experienced my own struggles. I realized how hard it is to survive and support myself let alone a family. I can never show enough appreciation to my parents for what they did for Emily and I.

Does Outsourcing by Multinational Companies Cost Jobs?

Does outsourcing by multinational companies cost jobs and lower wages in Europe? Does outsourcing by multinational companies cost jobs and lower wages in Europe? ABSTRACT Outsourcing as a method of trade has been an increasing phenomenon throughout the last decade particularly by multinational companies of developed countries such as Europe to outsource their business operations to developing countries such as India, Bangladesh etc.However, this outsourcing by multinational companies raise a question regarding cost jobs and lower wages in Europe. Moreover, the latest style enduring, and there is a shift also towards additional complicated and high end methods to be outsourced. One of the appearing market areas for multinational companies of Europe is India, which is attracting decisions of outsourcing and some extent becoming a reason of cost jobs and lower wages in Europe.However, it is not justifiable to only say that outsourcing by multinational companies do cost jobs and lower w ages in Europe, therefore it can also state that outsourcing by multinational companies of Europe have some advantages as well, therefore, there is also an explanation of ideas and present check-list for European trades, which are searching for chances to incorporate into markets of India. INTRODUCTION The issues of globalization and the outsourcing of high-skilled jobs are central to the recent innovation policy debate (Farrell, 54-59).Corporate decisions are increasingly being made with little regard to how it affects workers. In multinational companies of Europe outsourcing is not a new practice. However, outsourcing jobs are more or less new to people of Europe. Now days, in political debates it is a hot issues. According to different economist of European Union certain types of benefits to outsourcing by multinational companies and some jobs will be created in Europe by outsourcing.On the other hand, many debates that due to outsourcing many people have lost their jobs and many small businesses have been closed. Overseas market is a place where many European jobs are being sent therefore, outsourcing by multinational companies cost jobs and lower wages in Europe (Farrell, 54-59). Many aspects jobs have been moved to overseas, for example shoe producers, telemarketing jobs, jean manufactures, Software Corporation etc. Many European multinational companies are outsourcing for their future financial system.Through facilitating companies to save expenses, produce as well as possess entry to a great available group of capacity, outsourcing is basically protecting the steadiness of European multinational companies’ financial system through protecting the strength of European industries. Outsourcing has brought benefits to economical sector but on the other hand many employees have lost their jobs due to it. DISCUSSION It is a considerable reality that in the contemporary competitive international business arena there is has been much concentration paid t o international outsourcing and its impacts on various markets in the world.Different contrasting views are there on the issue and this research will attempt to explain different hypes and demonstrate what the truths actually are. People have supported a protectionist manner to outsourcing and forcing corporations to keep jobs in Europe. Profits of business have led great businesses to outsource work to Asian countries and they have been great supporters of outsourcing and the competence it permits them. A large amount of researches are there on the issue of outsourcing and it is complicated to cover all the views surrounding it.This research will define some of views and controversies surrounding outsourcing. The objective of this research is to present an in depth look at outsourcing to Asian countries particularly India which is attractive market for multinational companies of Europe. Especially the research will describe the requirement for European multinational companies outso urcing, outsourcing to developing Asian countries like India and the advantages and dangers such as cost jobs and lower wages in Europe connected with outsourcing. Outsourcing is just contracting out little work that was completed in house to an outside corporation.This permits corporations to concentrate on one part of a difficult aim. The advocates of outsourcing describe that this specialization permits corporations to be additional competent. This method could be applied in different businesses where technology has created manufacturing very complicated. Automobiles and Electronics are two items which have different parts that could be produced in various nations and gathered wherever the corporation decides to. This suppleness permits corporations to manage with the increasing difficulty of present manufactured items. Outsourcing is a main issue in the world which is related to cost jobs and lower wages in Europe, moreover individuals are concerned with the works of white colla r that are being outsourced by European multinational companies to developing nations† (Peter, 2006 pp 77-79). Evolution of Outsourcing Before 10 years people use to imagine video conference in their thoughts. Today everything has been changed, anyone who has Smartphone or even a PC can sit back in sofa and have meeting around the world (Ijioui, et al, 171-176). Through technology vast distance has been shorten and has lots of money on business travelling.Outsourcing is shaped by two factors known as globalization and technology. Through advance technology outsourcing is most common thing for multinational companies of Europe (Contractor, et al, 67-72). Through electronic sending several jobs are performed at one place and reported to another place where it is needed. Many countries economics is affected tremendously through outsourcing. In late 1900s, through technology transportation revolution was driven, and the whole scenario of transporting good from place to place was c hanged. Raw material was transported through steamboats and trains.Due to transportation revolution the whole businesses functions was changed and nations started importing and exporting of goods (Contractor, et al, 67-72). In similar way, today business is changed through the accessibility of high-speed data access and the internet. Now many employees are able to work from home through virtual office for some companies. The only necessary tools for this are telephone and a computer with Internet access. Through same technology now people have opportunities to work for countries (Ijioui, et al, 171-176).Outsourcing is decision of multinational companies of Europe to employ an outside company to manage the computer operations of organization, operations of network, and IT function to a vendor for a particular time. This strategic move is decided by excellent administration when they identify that the managing of these performances through another group will decrease expenses and pric es. The decision to outsource by European multinational companies should focus the important role of knowledge and methods in corporations.If complete roll is to be outsourced, adequate terms must be created between the two companies to deal with the company's needs. Furthermore, focus must be presented to the possible requirement for modern solutions to be presented through the outsourcer, with the timing of these performances. India is the seventh-biggest nation through area of geography and situated in South Asia as well as presently it is considerably attractive by European multinational companies. It is the second most crowded nation in the world, and the biggest democratic country in the world. The financial system of India is the fourth biggest in the world as calculated through purchasing power parity (PPP), with an increasing trend of GDP (Adrian, 2008 pp 321-327)†. India has been increasing at a rate of 8 per cent since Prime Minister Man Mohan Singh took charge in e arly 2004. India has a wealthy and exclusive tradition of culture, and the different sub continental population that has controlled to keep the 5000 years older customs, where as absorbing traditions, ideas and traditions from local people, invaders and migrants.Different practices of culture, monuments, languages and traditions are models of this combination over centuries. Great English speaking middle-class in INDIA has participated to the development in outsourcing. â€Å"It is becoming a main part for European multinational companies for future focused study and improvement, comprising the likes of telecommunication companies, etc† (Adrian, 2008 pp 321-327), all this has supported the sector of services to enhance its portion of the market to about fifty percent. Developing countries like India is ongoing to move ahead with financial modifications of market-focused that started in 1991.Current modifications contain liberalized overseas investment and regimes of exchange, decontrol of industry, and important decrease in charges and other business obstacles, modernization and modification of the fiscal sector, important adjustments in monetary and financial strategies of government, and securing intellectual rights of property. India's Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is growing at an exponential rate in the last decade. This form of revenue is greatly helping the Indian economy and it will continue in the future. There are many reasons for why India has the ideal situation for outsourcing.First of all, basic salary in India for computer experts is one of the lowest in the entire world. Through having this low basic salary, India attracts different organizations from nations with a stronger dollar. A multinational company of Europe could achieve the similar project completed in India for 1/10th the cost it would cost in Europe. This translates to great income for multinational companies, which creates outsourcing extremely smart to them. Secondly, the cultural differences between India and the Europe are not as great compared to other countries like China.If people look back to over 60 years ago, India was under British rule. Under British rule, learning English was mandatory in all schools across India. Today, English is still mandatory in most schools across India and as a result, the communication gap between India and the European world is much smaller than with countries like China, which also have equally qualified software professionals (Kobitzsch et al, 2001). Additionally, most educated people in India know English. This knowledge of the English language allows for western influence with respect to media such as movies, music and entertainment.This social acclimation decreases the culture gap between India and the Western world as compared to China. Thirdly, as the Gulf of Persia has its resources in oil and South Africa in diamonds, natural resources of India depend in its rich technically expert workforce. India ma kes approximately 75, 500 software experts every year and these figures persist to enhance. Different nations do not have the workforce with the abilities that are required and have no option but to outsource to nations like India. India has had a lot of development in the field of IT.There were about 6,800 staffs in the IT business in 1985-1986 and this figure increased to 522,000 staffs from 2001-2002 (Vincent, 2006 pp 22-24). International human resource management (IHRM) is gradually more being identified as a main determinant of achievement or disappointment in international trade (Michael, 2002 pp 459-471). Features of production like technology, capital, raw materials and knowledge can be simply copied, apart from for the individuals or human resources of the company, which is major source of aggressive benefit for different organizations.Corporations must give close concentration to administration of its human resources in India. Presented the reality that it is mostly a fli ght development and training centre in India, it would produce logic to use a polycentric staffing method, where domestic supervisors – host nation supervisors; are employed to fill main positions in their personal nation. Human resources in India are the compulsory element because the operation, design and administration the other remaining resource of science and technology is a purpose of how excellent individuals do their work.In the area of human resource improvement, which is important and has been getting main concern since the starting of improvement strategies, the nation has added a large number of supporting and encouraging staffs and has been capable to enhance rates of literacy of both women and men, with in the numbers of technology, science and research people. In spite of the enhancement in human resources, the nation has not been capable to successfully employ it due to the immigration of expert people to get works in developed nations. Benefit/Risk AnalysisA nalysis of the benefits and risks of outsourcing customer service to India will entail analyzing customer service skills, appropriateness of online services of consumer support, infrastructure, and trust and security. Customer Service Skills The value of consumer service is extremely imperative to a multinational company of Europe. Consumer experts must be capable to manage a collection of troubles where as reducing irritation of consumer. India has a rich source of extremely aggressive universities and institutions of technology, with a concentration on trouble solving.With this information, they are capable to manage with troubles in an efficient and appropriate approach. India is supposed to be the second biggest country with European that speaks English. Moreover to this, different great extent suppliers of consumer service in India instruct their staffs to speak English without pronunciation. Consumer service presenter 24/7 Customer. com in India presents staffs this knowledge in a two week course (Michael, 2002 pp 459-471). They also give training to identify the culture of Europe.Although offshore outsourcers provide these types of training, some specialists believe that the European customer support specialists have a distinct inherent cultural benefit and the capability to become accustomed to alter more rapidly. As a result, they are able to more frequently relate to the customer, and provide empathy towards his or her needs (Bharat, 2007 pp 77-79). Appropriateness of Online Customer Support Services The appropriateness of online services of consumer support is extremely important since the customers understand technological capabilities and have higher expectations.Currently, Jupiter Research has found that a little more than 50% of e-mails could be answered within a day (Ashlyn, 2005 pp 69-73). Research done by the same research group stated that outsourcing customer services to India is recommended for companies seeking to a response time of less than six hours. In addition to timely service, all customer support suppliers offer twenty-four hours of service, seven days a week. Outsourcing is becoming a heavy cost reducing system these days in order to endure with the tough periods in the financial system.With outsourcing requirements, it permits the organization to emphasize on entire services and products. It also permits the outsourcers to keep durable connections with their consumers. India has become one of the most positive places for outsourcing. The major motives for this comprise cost efficacy, plenty of ability and timeliness of online services of consumer support. Additionally, India has excellent rate of literacy in English in the educated people contrasted to other nations. Dangers are concerned there when outsourcing to India.Different features observed at were infrastructure, protection and trust. Every organization should do their individual researches to decide if outsourcing will advantage their organization , but additional so their consumers. Possible Risks of Outsourcing * Outsourcing with a vendor can also cut down the work rate of the employees * The comfort level that the employees once had in the work place can decrease * When the vendors are not going by the contract and getting the computers fixed in a timely manner, the forced labour will be put onto the IT team to get the job done. Also the laid off process will increase that means more people without jobs. The ones that will be laid off are usual the ones that have the experience to do the job right, the first time. Risk mitigation strategy If the company is going to go with vendors the best policy is to make sure there are no loop holes and that the risk manager stays in control of any changes that may or may not happen. By doing this is to discuss and keep the communication line open. The contract is the source of everything that has to do with the vendor and company policy.By reading over the contract and making sure that the company’s lawyers also look over it is the key to stopping the loop holes before they happen. Another method is to install trouble ticket software to monitor any changes to the system and to prevent any downtime when trying to tackle all those trouble tickets. Venders to provide network support Here are a few examples of the different support that can be provided from a vender when dealing with networks; * patches, * firewalls, * routers, * switches, * Intrusion detection system and * Intrusion prevention system.Here is a risk example that can be involved when letting an outside vendor support the network within the company; * The risk that someone that is not working for the company and that will have the access to the network through the admin login can have direct access to all the data in that network of systems. Also that you cannot ask any questions about their risk assessment methods. This can be a major risk that can cost the company a fortune if the vendor is no t chosen the right way. Risk mitigation strategy If the company would install a service for the network security like for an example is DELL’s IPS iSensor.This can load the company up with a security bundle that will protect the network as a whole. â€Å"The Intrusion Prevention Service is designed to not only provide technology, but also supply the expertise and processes you need to actively protect your organization — at a fraction of the cost of doing it yourself. The Intrusion Prevention Service is a comprehensive solution that includes all components needed to provide exceptional protection against cyber-attacks, including: * Dell SecureWorks iSensor IPS appliance and deployment * Online security and compliance portal Expert administration, tuning and maintenance * 24Ãâ€"7 expert monitoring and response * On-call certified security experts This solution is a turnkey service bundle to help organizations gain 24Ãâ€"7 security and satisfy compliance requirementsà ¢â‚¬  (DELL, 2011). Advantages of Outsourcing With lower staff cost, save money: this turns out to be most attractive and beneficial reason for outsourcing. For example, in Europe typical graphic designer have a salary around â‚ ¬6,250 per month, but if this job is outsourced then company can hired a senior overseas graphic designers for â‚ ¬ 2500, which will save â‚ ¬3750 per month.So now one can estimate that how much saving will be done yearly (Contractor, et al, 67-72). No extra cost on employment: for traditional onshore employments there are usually extra costs involved but there are no extra costs for outsource staff. In many countries including Europe many employers have to pay some extra percentage to employees for superannuation, when they lease staff. But in outsource it is employers pay nothings to their overseas employees. Through this many employers save these amounts.No need of extra equipment and office space: through outsourcing different employers have la vishing offices without increased staff. As their staff is busy in doing their work overseas and customers who walk in these office have good impression about the company. In this way employers save a lot of money on equipment and office space (Contractor, et al, 67-72). There are no extra electricity bills that employers have to pay. Some of the other advantages of outsourcing are: * Outsource employees are assemble much faster as there is already people with skills and there is no need of long interviews and it save lot of time. Employers can focus more on core business process by outsourcing all no-core activities. * Business operations can be streamlined through outsourcing. * Through outsourcing employers can encounter an improved power of their business. * Capital expenditures can be saved by the organization through outsourcing. * By outsourcing organizations get more profits and this end up in creating higher jobs in homeland. * Through outsourcing companies save a lot of mo ney, through which can develop more products. Disadvantages of OutsourcingDelivery Problems: in outsourcing the first problem occurs is delivery consistency, most companies experience delivery problems due to a lot of reasons. Delivery overseas on time is usually affected due to material storage, weather problems, manufacturing delay etc. therefore customers are upset and companies have to invest extra on additional stock in order to compensate their customers (Neelankavil and Rai, 221-226). These extra stocks cost the saving money of the companies. Quality issues: usually the samples which companies receive overseas are of good quality.But when it comes to stock poor quality is witness by the companies on their order to different products. Due to outsourcing many companies’ hires poorly paid employees and they don’t seem to have knowledge regarding products. Due to this many organization fails to satisfy their customer overseas and end up in losing them (Neelankavil a nd Rai, 221-226). Jeopardy of revealing private information: outsourcing involves risk of revealing private information about company such as payroll, Human Resources and employment services to captive unit in other country. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONIn conclusion, it can say that outsourcing by multinational companies cost jobs and lower wages in Europe, but there is another aspect as well that is favourable. Therefore recommendation is here to use the outsourcing in appropriate manner. Many multinational companies and European businesses layoff their employees or have been closed due to outsourcing by them. Many jobs have been taken away from European employees and major sector which was highly affected by outsourcing is Information Technology. Due to outsourcing many college students of Europe has decreased in majors of engineering & computers.These college students step back from majors in these subjects as they are afraid that after completing their education they would victi m of cost jobs and lower wages in Europe and they believe that they would not be able to find jobs in respective fields due to sourcing. Outsourcing is no doubt beneficial for companies but what about the talent and skill people living in the country? Multinational companies of Europe should come out with a proper strategic plan in order to save the future of upcoming youth along with other talent people of world.Multinational companies of Europe should outsource limited job and keep rest for European people. As this was the country who gave these companies ground to start and flourish their businesses, so first right goes to citizens of Europe. The objective of every business is to build a profit and grow and it should base for both i. e. company and people of the country. If outsourcing in Europe keep on growing rapidly as the way it is now a days by multinational companies, then future not far away when people will drop out from schools due to lower wages within Europe.It’ s high time for European government and successful multinational companies to understand that skillful and youth people of the Europe is losing hope in successful future and facing threat of cost jobs and lower wages in Europe. Europe’s multinational companies that use outsourcing correctly can take advantage of its benefits and return higher profits, meaning higher retained earnings. These earnings can then be pumped into other parts of the business for improvement, innovation and expansion. Expansion thus creates more jobs and a better national economy. References Contractor, J.Farok, Kumar, Vikas , Kundu, K, Sumit; 2010; Global Outsourcing and Offshoring: An Integrated Approach to Theory and Corporate Strategy; Published by Cambridge University Press; ISBN 0521193532, 9780521193535; 67-72 Farrell, Diana; 2007; Offshoring: understanding the emerging global labor market; published by Harvard Business Press; ISBN 1422110079, 9781422110072; 54-59 Hira, Ron, Hira, Anil; 2008; O utsourcing Europe: the true cost of shipping jobs overseas and what can be done about it; Published by AMACOM Div European Mgmt Assn; ISBN 081440989X, 9780814409893; 135-140 Ijioui, Raschid, Emmerich, Heike, Ceyp, Michael; 009; Globalization 2. 0: A Roadmap to the Future from Leading Minds; Published by Springer; ISBN 3642011772, 9783642011771; 171- 176 Mastrianna, V. Frank; 2009; Basic Economics; published by Cengage Learning; ISBN 032459917X, 9780324599176. 177-182 Neelankavil, P. James, Rai, Anoop; 2009; Basics of International Business; published by M. E. Sharpe; ISBN 0765623927, 9780765623928; 221-226 Bharat, Vagadia. (2007). Outsourcing to India. A Legal Handbook. ISBN 354072219X, 9783540722199. pp 77-79. Vincent, Jacques. 2006). International outsourcing strategy and competitiveness. Publisher Editions Publi book. ISBN2748333187, 9782748333183. 22-24. Michael, A. (2002). Drafting License Agreements, Fourth Edition. Publisher Aspen Publishers Online. ISBN 0735533792, 978073553 3790. pp 459-471. Ashlyn, M. (2005). Outsourcing and in sourcing in an international context. Publisher M. E. Sharpe. ISBN076561586X, 9780765615862. pp 69-73. Adrian, Haberberg. (2008). Strategic Management: Theory and Application. Publisher Oxford University Press.ISBN 0199216460, 9780199216468. pp 321-327. Peter, Barrar. (2006). Global outsourcing strategies. An international reference on effective outsourcing relationships. Publisher Gower Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0566086247, 9780566086243. pp 77-79. Kobitzsch et al. , â€Å"Outsourcing to India,† IEEE Computer Society Press. http://csdl. computer. org/comp/mags/so/2001/02/s2078abs. htm. Deresky, H. (2002). International management: managing across borders and cultures, 4th edn, Pearson Education Inc, New Jersey.Pp 12-14. UniBul Merchant Services. (2011). Using the Address Verification Service (AVS). Retrieved from https://www. unibulmerchantservices. com/using-the-address-verification-service-avs    DELL. (2011). Robust Pr otection Against Threats. Retrieved from http://content. dell. com/us/en/business/security-network. aspx? ST=network%20security%20management&dgc=ST&cid=64824&lid=1626112&acd=116803,8,0,109252536,780369516,1303776129,,33261467,9455936

Science Terms and Definitions You Should Know

Science Terms and Definitions You Should Know Scientific experiments involve variables, controls, a hypothesis, and a host of other concepts and terms that may be confusing. This is a glossary of important science experiment terms and definitions. Glossary of Science Terms Central Limit Theorem: states that with a large enough sample, the sample mean will be normally distributed. A normally distributed sample mean is necessary to apply the t test, so if you are planning to perform a statistical analysis of experimental data, its important to have a sufficiently large sample. Conclusion: determination of whether the hypothesis should be accepted or rejected. Control Group: test subjects randomly assigned to not receive the experimental treatment. Control Variable: any variable that does not change during an experiment. Also known as constant variable Data:  (singular: datum) facts, numbers, or values obtained in an experiment. Dependent Variable: the variable that responds to the independent variable. The dependent variable is the one being measured in the experiment. Also known as the dependent measure, responding variable double-blind: neither the researcher nor the subject knows whether the subject is receiving the treatment or a placebo. Blinding helps reduce biased results. Empty Control Group: a type of control group which does not receive any treatment, including a placebo. Experimental Group: test subjects randomly assigned to receive the experimental treatment. Extraneous Variable: extra variables (not the independent, dependent, or control variable) that may influence an experiment, but are not accounted for or measured or are beyond control. Examples may include factors you consider unimportant at the time of  an experiment, such as the manufacturer of the glassware in a reaction or the color of paper used to make a paper airplane. Hypothesis: a prediction of whether the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable or a prediction of the nature of the effect.   Independence  or  Independently:  means one factor does not exert influence on another. For example, what one study participant does should not influence what another participant does. They make decisions independently. Independence is critical for a meaningful statistical analysis. Independent Random Assignment: randomly selecting whether a test subject will be in a treatment or control group. Independent Variable: the variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher. Independent Variable Levels: refers to changing the independent variable from one value to another (e.g., different drug doses, different amounts of time). The different values are called levels. Inferential Statistics: applying statistics (math) to infer characteristics of a population based on a representative sample from the population. Internal Validity: an experiment is said to have internal validity if it can accurately determine whether the independent variable produces an effect. Mean: the average calculated by adding up all the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.   Null Hypothesis: the no difference or no effect hypothesis, which predicts the treatment will not have an effect on the subject. The null hypothesis is useful because it is easier to assess with a statistical analysis than other forms of a hypothesis. Null Results (Nonsignificant Results): results that do not disprove the null hypothesis. Null results dont prove the null hypothesis, because the results may have resulted from a lack of power. Some null results are type 2 errors. p 0.05: This is an indication of how often chance alone could account for the effect of the experimental treatment. A value p 0.05 means that 5 times out of a hundred, you could expect this difference between the two groups, purely by chance. Since the chance of the effect occurring by chance is so small, the researcher may conclude the experimental treatment did indeed have an effect. Note other p or probability values are possible. The 0.05 or 5% limit simply is a common benchmark of statistical significance. Placebo (Placebo Treatment):  a  fake treatment that should have no effect, outside of the power of suggestion. Example: In drug trials, test patients may be given a pill containing the drug or a placebo, which resembles the drug (pill, injection, liquid) but doesnt contain the active ingredient. Population: the entire group the researcher is studying. If the researcher cannot gather data from the population, studying large random samples taken from the population may be used to estimate how the population would respond. Power: the ability to observe differences or avoid making Type 2 errors. Random or Randomness: selected or performed without following any pattern or method. To avoid unintentional bias, researchers often use random number generators or flip coins  to make selections. (learn more) Results: the explanation or interpretation of experimental data. Statistical Significance: observation, based on the application of a statistical test, that a relationship probably is not due to pure chance. The probability is stated (e.g., p 0.05) and the results are said to be statistically significant. Simple Experiment: basic experiment designed to assess whether there are a cause and effect relationship or test a prediction. A fundamental simple experiment may have only one test subject, compared with a controlled experiment, which has at least two groups. Single-blind: when either the experimenter or subject is unaware whether the subject is getting the treatment or a placebo. Blinding the researcher helps prevent bias when the results are analyzed. Blinding the subject prevents the participant from having a biased reaction. T-test: common statistical data analysis applied to experimental data to test a hypothesis. The t-test computes the ratio between the difference between the group means and the standard error of the difference (a measure of the likelihood the group means could differ purely by chance). A rule of thumb is that the results are statistically significant if you observe a difference between the values that are three times larger than the standard error of the difference, but its best to look up the ratio required for significance on a t table. Type I Error (Type 1 error): occurs when you reject the null hypothesis, but it was actually true. If you perform the t-test and set p 0.05, there is less than a 5% chance you could make a Type I error by rejecting the hypothesis based on random fluctuations in the data. Type II Error (Type 2 error): occurs when you accept the null hypothesis, but it was actually false. The experimental conditions had an effect, but the researcher failed to find it statistically significant.

German review of Benjamin Barber essays

German review of Benjamin Barber essays Im Buch von Benjaim Barber, Jihad versus McWorld er hat uns vorgemacht, die Welt hat sich zu zwei eigenen Lager entwickeln. Jeder sind diametral entgegensetzt von am Ende den Kaqlt Kreig bis huete. Jihad ist eine grundlegende Musterbeispiel von militanten Glaubenseiferer. Gruppen mchten eine ethnische Wiederentdeckung und sind gegen das Konsumdenken. McWorld identifizieren sich mit die Konsumdeknen und sind kennenzeichenen bei die Kommerzialisierung und homogenisiseren von der kulture Identitt. Darber hat McWorld eine starke Erhhung dem Freizeitpark. Barber hat gesagt, daß McWorld stellte sich heraus, weil so eine Verschlechterung von die Wirtschaft von dem West. Die Transverstaatlichung hat von die Gesellschafts wie die Geburt von die international Herstellung, Hat im Amerika gemacht, bedeutet nichts. Von der Schaffung auf einer Gesellschaft, es heißt Globalbrger schwankt die Wirtschafts Machte von die harte Waren zu weich. Von die weiche Waren zu dem Dienstwaren. Barber glaubt das der Trend auf ein mehre virtuelle Realitt zu, wo nie mal sind die Brgeren von eine Nation aber nur die Angehrigen unhd im McWorld jemandem ein Konsumer sind. Die Barber McWorld Theorie ist uber wie die Demokratie verschwinden. Weil McWorld und Jihad sich dem Einfluß verschaffen im unser Welt, die Fhigkeit von Leute zu wahlen deine Bastimmung zurckgehen. Der Trend von die Nationstaat identitt zu verschwinderen im die Leere des Cyberspace ist ein Muster wie Barber erklrt die Explosion auf Konsumdenken und die verstarkerung von McWorl What is the Prevailing Trend in the Post Cold War World? Benjamin R. Barber, Jihad versus McWorld (New York: Vintage, 1996) Zeite 3-151. ...

Lab report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lab Report Example Quiz I: Psychometric Analysis The 12 item quiz described as Quiz I was associated with a mean of 6.4 and an SD of 2.657 (min = 0, max = 12). The distribution of the total scores was not very normal with skew observed to be 0.111 and kurtosis to be -0.888. The Pearson correlations between the 12 items in the quiz are reported in table 1. This shows that while the test has otherwise acceptable psychometric properties, some items may need to be revised or removed. An item discrimination analysis was conducted to investigate the contribution of each item to the test. Specifically, D index values were estimated for each of the 12 items in the quiz based on splitting the sample into high (73rd percentile and above) and low (27th percentile and below) quiz performers in accordance with Kelly (1939). Based on a frequency table analysis of the ‘quiz I performance’ variable, the split corresponded to scores of 4 or lower being associated with the lower set while scores of 9 or hig her were associated with the higher set. Table 2 shows discriminatory index for each of the items, and it is evident that items 11 and 12 did not achieve a D index of more than 29%. This could mean that these items are poorly constructed or that they do not contribute to the test as well as the other items (Crocker & Algnia, 1986). The item total correlations also verify that these items contribute poorly to the quiz and have correlation coefficient s of less than 0.20. The internal consistency analysis conducted using the Cronbach’s ? was also marginally below the requisite 0.70 level (Nunnally & Brenstien, 1994) with a statistic value of 0.683. Given this data, it was believed that the quiz needed to be revised. Thus, items 12 and 11 were sequentially removed from the quiz and the Cronbach’s ? was re-estimated. The quiz was now composed of 10 items and was associated with an acceptable ? level of 0.734. The revised scale had a mean score of 5.128 with SD = 2.56 (min = 0, max = 10).the distribution of scores for the new quiz was also slightly more normalized with skew = 0.20 and kurtosis = -0.780. Quiz II: Psychometric analysis The 11 item quiz described as Quiz II was associated with a mean of 5.48 and an SD of 2.67 (min = 0, max = 11). The distribution of the total scores was approximately normal with skew observed to be 0.043 and kurtosis to be -0.8. The Pearson correlations between the 11 items in the quiz are reported in table 3. This shows that the test has acceptable psychometric properties. An item discrimination analysis was conducted to investigate the contribution of each item to the test. Specifically, D index values were estimated for each of the 11 items in the quiz based on splitting the sample into high (73rd percentile and above) and low (27th percentile and below) quiz performers in accordance with Kelly (1939). Based on a frequency table analysis of the quiz performance variable, the split corresponded to scores of 4 or lower being associated with the lower set while scores of 7 or higher were associated with the higher set. Table 4 shows discriminatory index for each of the items, all of which managed to achieve an acceptable D index (Crocker & Algnia, 1986). The item total correlations also verify that all items did contribute adequately to the quiz and

The issue of population growth and water Research Paper

The issue of population growth and water - Research Paper Example of nearly 6.3 billion is accounted to be growing by 80 million people per year and this tremendous and constant population growth implies that there is an increased demand for fresh water that comes to be around 64 billion cubic meters each year. This paper presents the issue of water crisis and population growth. Based on scientific studies related to nature and water crisis, this work attempts to detail the exact crisis of water scarcity and its severity on human life. How population growth impacts on fresh water availability and use also has been broadly detailed in this work. Good water like soil is the resource that has no substitute and hence water crisis would severely impact on human life. Elizabeth Hunt (2004) emphasizes that the water crisis is real and its complexity or its connection to real poverty cannot be underestimated. The water crisis is closely related to environmental insecurity as well as hopelessness. The real crisis is not just lack of water, but also the degradation and depletion of water ecosystem (p.37). According to NOVA ‘world in the balance’ report (April 2004), the total number of people on this planet is growing and it is expected that the world population will be 9 billion by 2050. 98% of this growth will be in developing countries where resources are being consumed faster than they can be renewed. Even though, water represents 70% of the Earth surface, only 2.5 % of it is fresh water available for human basic needs (world in the balance, NOVA).. The scarcity of the fresh water due to overuse and contamination is the second most challenge on human life in the 21st century; population growth being the first of all challenges Among all natural resources water is the most essential. Supply of water in the quantity needed and availability of quality water are two problems that mount and it could seriously restrict human life standards and economic development. A great majority of world population currently faces extreme water